• A bladder infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI), medically called cystitis.

• It occurs when bacteria (usually E. coli from the gut) enter the urinary tract and multiply in the bladder.

• Common Symptoms

  • Burning or pain during urination (dysuria)

  • Frequent urge to urinate, even when little comes out

  • Cloudy, strong-smelling, or bloody urine

  • Lower abdominal/pelvic pain or pressure

  • Low-grade fever (in mild infections)

• mental cloudiness or difficulty thinking clearly.

• People often describe it as feeling spaced out, forgetful, or mentally sluggish.

Common Symptoms

Poor concentration & attention span

• Memory lapses (“forgetting why you walked into a room”)

• Slow thinking or processing

• Difficulty finding words

• Mental fatigue, lack of clarity

• Feeling detached or “not fully present”

• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also called Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a long-term, complex illness.

• Main feature: severe, persistent fatigue not relieved by rest and worse after exertion.

• It affects energy, cognition, immunity, sleep, and multiple body systems

  Common Symptoms

• Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM): Worsening of symptoms after even minor physical or mental effort (can last days/weeks).

• Unrefreshing Sleep: Waking up tired despite adequate sleep.

• Cognitive Dysfunction (“Brain Fog”): Trouble concentrating, memory lapses, slow processing.

• Orthostatic Intolerance: Feeling worse when standing/sitting upright (e.g., dizziness, fainting).

• Chronic Pain: Muscle aches, joint pain, headaches.

• Sensitivity: Light, sound, temperature, or chemical sensitivity.

• Common cold: Mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, sinuses).

• Influenza (flu): More severe viral infection affecting the respiratory system, often with systemic symptoms.

• Cough: Reflex to clear the airways; can be a symptom of colds, flu, or other respiratory conditions.

  Common Symptoms

  Common ColdSneezing, runny/stuffy nose, mild sore throat, mild fatigue, mild cough

  Influenza (Flu)High fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, headache, dry cough, sore throat, sometimes vomiting

  Cough (symptom)Dry or productive cough, throat irritation, sometimes wheezing; may persist after infection

• Tension headache: Most common; feels like a tight band around the head; usually mild to moderate.

• Cluster headache: Severe, piercing pain around one eye; occurs in cycles.

• Sinus headache: Pressure/pain due to sinus infection or inflammation.

Migraine

A neurological disorder causing intense, often throbbing headache, frequently one-sided.

• Moderate to severe head pain (usually one side)

• Sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes smell

• Nausea or vomiting

• Visual disturbances (aura) — flashing lights, zigzag lines, blind spots

More common in women, often linked to hormonal changes.

Fever in children is the body’s natural defence, signalling the immune system is actively fighting an imbalance or infection.

Common symptoms

• Abdominal pain or cramping

• Cough

• Diarrhoea

• Feeling tired or lethargic

• Flushed cheeks

• Headache

• Irritability or fussiness

• Loss of appetite

• Muscle or joint aches

• Nausea or vomiting

• Rapid or laboured breathing (seek urgent care)

• Runny or congested nose

• Seizures (febrile seizures, usually in children 6 months–5 years)

• Shivering or shaking

• Sore throat

• Sweating or chills

• Warm or hot skin

• Red Flags (Urgent Symptoms)

  • Inability to wake up or extreme sleepiness

  • Persistent vomiting or signs of dehydration

  • Trouble breathing

  • Rash with purple or red spots

  • Fever in infants <3 months

When to Call a Doctor

• Fever in infants <3 months

• Seizures or prolonged lethargy

• Signs of dehydration

• Fever lasting more than 3–5 days

• Any concern about underlying illness

• A condition caused by reduced ability to break down histamine, leading to excess histamine in the body.

• Mainly due to low activity of the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) in the gut.

  Common Symptoms

  • Flushing or redness of skin

  • Hives or itching

  • Nasal congestion or runny nose

  • Headaches or migraines

  • Gastrointestinal upset: bloating, diarrhoea, nausea

  • Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure in severe cases

Common Symptoms

Brittle nails or spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia)

Cracks at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis)

Difficulty concentrating or “brain fog”

Dry, pale skin

Hair thinning or hair loss

Irritability or mood changes

Loss of appetite

Nausea

Pica (craving non-food items like ice, dirt, or starch)

Restless leg syndrome in some cases

Swelling or soreness of the tongue

Joint pain (arthralgia) is discomfort, aching, or soreness in one or more joints.

It may or may not involve inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth).

Common Symptoms

Pain, aching, or stiffness in affected joints

Swelling or warmth (if inflammatory)

Redness around the joint (in some conditions)

Limited range of motion

Fatigue or general malaise (common in autoimmune causes)

Long COVID refers to a range of symptoms persisting or appearing 4+ weeks after initial COVID-19 infection.

Common Symptoms

• Fatigue (most frequent)

• Shortness of breath / respiratory symptoms

• Cognitive issues (“brain fog,” memory problems, difficulty concentrating)

• Sleep disturbances

• Chest pain or palpitations

• Joint and muscle pain

• Headaches

• Loss of taste or smell (persistent anosmia or dysgeusia)

• Mental health issues: anxiety, depression, PTSD

Menopause refers to the permanent end of menstruation and is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

Common Symptoms

• Vasomotor: Hot flashes, night sweats

• Sleep disturbances: Insomnia, fragmented sleep

• Genitourinary: Vaginal dryness, urinary urgency, painful intercourse

• Psychological: Mood swings, anxiety, irritability

• Cognitive: Memory issues, difficulty concentrating

• Musculoskeletal: Joint aches, decreased bone density

• Skin & hair changes: Thinning hair, dry skin

• An irregular period means that the length of the menstrual cycle (normally 21–35 days) varies significantly from month to month, or bleeding patterns are abnormal.

• It may involve shorter or longer cycles, missed periods, unusually heavy or light bleeding, or spotting between periods.

  Conditions

  Amenorrhea, Endometriosis, PCOS, Perimenopause

• Nasal or sinus congestion is a feeling of stuffy or blocked nasal passages, often due to inflammation or swelling of the nasal mucosa.

• May involve excess mucus production or impaired drainage of the sinuses.

  Common Symptoms

  • Stuffy or blocked nose

  • Runny nose (rhinorrhea)

  • Sneezing

  • Postnasal drip (mucus dripping down the throat)

  • Reduced sense of smell or taste

  • Facial pressure or pain (especially with sinus involvement)

  • Headache

• Poor skin health refers to skin that is dry, inflamed, acne-prone, discolored, or prematurely aged, often due to internal or external factors.

• It may reflect underlying nutritional, hormonal, or lifestyle issues.

Common Symptoms

• Acne or rosacea

• Dryness or flakiness

• Dullness or uneven tone

• Eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis

• Excess oiliness or acne

• Hyperpigmentation or dark spots

• Infections (bacterial, fungal, viral)

• Premature wrinkles or sagging

• Redness, irritation, or inflammation

• Slow healing of cuts or blemishes

SIBO occurs when excess bacteria grow in the small intestine, particularly bacteria normally found in the colon.

This disrupts digestion and nutrient absorption, leading to gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms.

Common Symptoms

Abdominal pain or cramping

Bloating, abdominal distension

Diarrhoea, constipation, or alternating bowel habits

Fatigue, brain fog

Food intolerance

Gas, belching, flatulence

Nausea

Vitamin deficiencies (B12, iron, fat-soluble vitamins)

Weight loss or malnutrition

• Poor sleep refers to insufficient, non-restorative, or low-quality sleep that affects daytime functioning and overall health.

• Can be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic).

  Common Symptoms

  Anxiety or increased stress

  Change of Appetite

  Depression or low mood

  Falling asleep unintentionally during the day

  Irritability or mood swings

  Overreliance on caffeine or stimulants

  Poor performance at work or school

  Reduced motivation or apathy

  Trouble waking up in the morning

  Difficulty concentrating or focusing

  Drowsiness or frequent yawning

  Fatigue or low energy during the day

  Headaches or migraines

  Memory problems (“brain fog”

  Muscle aches or tension

  Poor decision-making or problem-solving

  Reduced coordination or balance

  Slower reaction times

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

These hormones regulate metabolism, energy production, growth, and development.

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary controls thyroid hormone production.

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, depression.

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive thyroid)

Weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, insomnia

Food intolerances arise when the body struggles to digest or process certain foods, often leading to discomfort rather than severe allergic reactions. Common symptoms may include bloating, fatigue, skin flare-ups, or digestive upset.